The Simple Sentence

7.4
Optional Adverbials
The patterns of 7.2 can be expanded by the addition of varoius optional adverbials ; cf 2.10. for example (optional adverbials are bracketed) :
SV :        (A)             S        V            (A)
         (sometimes)    she    sings  (beautifully)
SVA : (A)       S                 V     (A)           A
 (In america) most students are (now) on vacation
SVOO : S      (A)      V  O                 O
            she (kindly) sent us some photographs

7.5
transformational relations
one way of distinguishing the various clause types is by means of the formational ' relations, or relations of grammatical paraphrase.
clause containing a noun phrase as object are distinguished by ability to be converted into passive clauses, the object noun phrase ... ing the function of subject (Vpasa = passive verb phrase), the subjectivity pearing (if at all) in an optional by phrase, symbolized here as (A) :
many critics disliked the play ( SV Od) <---> the play was disliked (by many critics) (S V pass (A) )
where the passive draws more attention to the result than to the action or agency, the 'resulting' copula get (12.8) frequently replaces be, though chiefly in rather informal usage:
the window was broken by my younger son
I know how the windows got broken
A more gradually achieved result can be sometimes expressed by become :
with the passage of time, the furniture became covered in dust
the following examples illustrate the passive with other clause types :
queen victoria considered him a genius (S V Od Co) <---> he was considered a genius by queen victoria (S Vpasa C5 [A] )
an intruder must have placed the ladder there (S V O2 A10c) <---> the ladder must have been placed there by an intruder (S V A10c [A] )
my father gave me this watch (S V O1 Od)
( i was given this watch by my father (S Vpass Od [A])
( this watch was given me by my father ( S Vpass O1 [A])
as type SVOO clauses have two objects, they often have two ...
form, as shown above - one in which the direct object becomes subject, and another (more common) in which the indirect object becomes subject.
there is sometimes equivalence between Types SV, SVC, and SV A as is shown by occassional equivalences of the following kind :
S V <---> S V C
the baby is sleeping <---> the baby is asleep
two loaves will suffice <---> two loaves will be sufficient

S V <---> S V A
he hurried <---> he went fast

S V C <---> S V A
He is jobless <---> he is wihout a job

on the whole, english prefers to avoid the plain SV pattern where alternatives are available (14.33)

7.6
intensive relationship
an SVOC clause is often equivalent to a clause with an infinitive or that clause (12.20 ff) :

I imagined her beautiful <---> ( I imaged her to be beautiful )
                                             ( I imaged that she was beautiful)

this equivalence shows that the O and the C of an SVOC clause are in the same relation to one another as the S and C of an SVC clause. the relation is expressed, wherever it is expressed at all, by an intensive verb. the intensive relationship is important in other aspects of grammer apart from clause patterns. it underlies, for example, relations of apposition (9.45 ff).
further, we may extend the concept of intensive relationship to the relation of subject to adverbial and object to adverbial in SVA and SVOA patterns respectively. (for SVOA patterns, see 8.29, 8.44)
SVOO clauses can be transformed into SVOA clauses by the substitution of a prepositional phrase for the indirect object, with a change of order (12.28)
she sent Jim a card <---> she sent a card to jim
she left jim a card <---> she left a card for jim

to and for, in their recipient senses (6.29), are the prepositions chiefly involved, but others, such as with and of, are occasionally found :

I'll play you a game of chess <---> I'll play a game of chess with/ against you
she asked jim a favour <---> she asked a favour of jim

7.7
multiple class membership of verbs
it must be borne in mind that one verb can belong, in various senses, to a number of different classes (app 1.30), and hence enter into a number of different clause types. the verb get is a particularly versatile one, being excluded only from type SV (and not even from this university)

SVC : He's getting angry
SVA : he got through the window
SVO:  he'll get a surprise
SVOC : he got his shoes and shocks wet
SVOA : he got himself into trouble
SVOO :  he got her a splendid present

through the multiple class membership of verbs, ambiguities can after I found her an entertaining partner, like she called him a steward, could be interpreted either as SVOC or as SVOO.

7.8
clause elements syntactically defined
A SUBJECT
(a) is normally a noun phrase (4.1) or a clause with nominal function (11.13 ff) ;
(b) occurs before the verb phrase in declarative clauses, and immediately after the operator (2.3) in questions (but cf 7.53, 14.12 ff) ;
(c) has number and person concord, where applicable (7.18, 7.26), with the verb phrase.

AN SUBJECT (direct or indirect)
(a) like a subject, is a noun phrase or clause with nominal function :
(b) normally follows the subject and the verb phrase (but cf 7.53, 7.63, but cf 12.16

AN INDIRECT OBJECT, where both objects are present, precedes the DIRECT OBJECT (except in rare instances like BrE Give it me), and is semantically equivalent a prepositional phrase (7.6).

 A COMPLEMENT (subject or object)
(a) is a noun phrase, an adjective phrase, or a clause with nominal function, having a co-referential relation with the subject (or object);
(b) follows the subject, verb phrase, and (if one is present) object (but cf 7.53, 14.11, 14.28) ;
(c) does not become subject through the passive transformation.